Belgium

The permit that suits you depends on the reason for migration. The main options for third-country nationals:

• Single permit — since 2019 the central title for non-EU/EEA workers. Combines work permit and residence permit in one procedure. The Belgian employer submits the application to the competent region (Walloon Region, Flemish Region, Brussels-Capital Region, or German-speaking Community), which then forwards it to the federal Office of Foreigners. Combined processing time: 3 to 5 months.
• Single permit — highly qualified worker: for holders of a master's degree or higher, with a work contract exceeding a regional salary threshold. Wallonia 2026: approximately €48,000 gross/year; Flanders: slightly different thresholds indexed annually. Advantage: exemption from the labor market test.
• Blue Card EU — alternative for academics, higher salary threshold (around €57,000 gross/year in 2026), federal rather than regional procedure, and specific advantages for intra-EU mobility after 18 months.
• Permits for trainees and researchers — dedicated procedures, generally faster than the standard single permit.
• Student visa (Type D) — based on the admission or enrollment certificate from a recognized higher education institution, proof of financial means (2026: approximately €800/month or proof of support), health insurance. Allows working 20 hours/week.
• Family reunification — for spouses, registered partners, and minor children of a legal resident. Conditions: stable residence of the sponsor for at least 12 months, income equal to or greater than 120% of the social integration income, adequate housing. Language test A1 (FR or NL or DE) for the spouse in some cases.
• Permit for unemployed graduates — since 2024, for graduates of a master's degree from a Belgian or other EEA university, authorizes a 12-month job search.

The Office of Foreigners / Dienst Vreemdelingenzaken (OE / DVZ) is the main federal authority; the regions manage the "work" component of the single permit. The portal dofi.ibz.be centralizes information in French, Dutch, and English.

Studies. Belgium has two major higher education networks, organized by linguistic community:

• French Community (Wallonia + French-speaking Brussels): ULB (Brussels), UCLouvain, ULiège, UNamur, USaint-Louis. Coordination via ARES — Academy of Research and Higher Education. Enrollment via each institution's portal.
• Flemish Community: KU Leuven, UGent, UAntwerpen, VUB (Brussels), UHasselt. Coordination via the VLIR. Programs mainly in NL, but many in EN at the master's level.
• German-speaking Community: no university of its own, but Autonome Hochschule Ostbelgien for higher professional education.

Enrollment deadlines are generally between April and September for the October intake. For non-EU nationals, diploma equivalence is handled by the linguistic community of the chosen institution: French Community via the equivalences service of the French Community Ministry (equivalences.cfwb.be), Flemish Community via NARIC-Vlaanderen.

Scholarships: Belgian State Scholarships ARES, VLIR-UOS for students from developing countries, Erasmus Mundus at the European level.

Vocational training. Apprenticeships and dual education programs are managed by community: IFAPME in Wallonia, Syntra in Flanders, ZAWM in the German-speaking Community. Access is more restricted for non-EEA nationals — a single permit with a "training" mention is often required.

Employment. For the standard single permit, the employer conducts a regional labor market test (job offer published via regional public services) before being able to hire a non-EU national. Main sources for job searches:

• Le Forem (Wallonia, leforem.be), VDAB (Flanders, vdab.be), Actiris (Brussels, actiris.brussels) — regional public employment services with their own job databases.
• EURES (eures.europa.eu) — European job portal with a significant Belgian presence.
• StepStone Belgium, Indeed Belgium, LinkedIn — particularly active in Brussels.
• Brusselsjobs, References.be, Jobat.be.
• European institutions in Brussels: epso.europa.eu for European competitions, plus temporary and contract jobs.

Specifics of the Belgian CV: two pages, no photo (photos are becoming outdated), mention of languages spoken (trilingualism is valued). Cover letter carefully written, in correct French; for Brussels jobs often FR + NL (sometimes EN).

Belgium has separate procedures by community for academic recognition:

• French Community: equivalences service (equivalences.cfwb.be). Three types of equivalence: level of studies (general), diploma (professional), partial equivalence. Fees ~€200; processing time 4–6 months.
• Flemish Community: NARIC-Vlaanderen (naric.be). Similar procedure and fees; processing time 4–6 months.
• German-speaking Community: the procedure goes through the French Community services with a specific mention.

Regulated professions: recognition depends on the profession and region of practice:

• Medicine: appearance before the provincial medical commission plus registration with the Ordre des Médecins (Walloon or Brussels provinces) or Orde der artsen (Flanders). For non-EU graduates, aptitude exam (KCE) and observation internship.
• Dentistry: National/Orde of Dentists.
• Nursing: recognition by the linguistic community, registration with the Federal Council of Nursing.
• Lawyers: Ordre des Barreaux Francophones et Germanophone (Avocats.be) or Orde van Vlaamse Balies, with aptitude exam for non-EU nationals.
• Architects: Ordre des Architectes national, European validation for EU degrees.

The CSEF — Subregional Committees for Employment and Training in Wallonia offer guidance for technical professional recognition.

The region where you will live determines the main language you will need:

• Wallonia: mainly French, German in the German-speaking community (Eupen-Malmedy).
• Flanders: Dutch. Without NL, social and professional integration is very limited.
• Brussels: French and Dutch coexist legally, but French dominates in practice. English is very present in European and international circles.
• German-speaking Community: German.

Required level depending on the permit:

• Single permit, Blue Card EU, researcher: no legally required level, but mastery of FR or NL is essential for integration.
• Studies: depends on the program. Many master's programs are in EN.
• Family reunification: A1 test (FR, NL, or DE) before entry for the spouse in some cases.
• Naturalization: A2 level in one of the three national languages, plus proven economic and social participation.

Where to learn before arrival:

• Alliance française (FR), Goethe-Institut (DE), Maison de la Langue / Huis van het Nederlands for NL (centers distributed worldwide but more limited).
• TV5 Monde Apprendre (apprendre.tv5monde.com), DW Deutsch lernen, Nederlands online (NTI) — free online resources.
• Lingoda, italki, Babbel for paid online courses.

Recognized exams:

• DELF/DALF for French.
• CNaVT (Certificaat Nederlands als Vreemde Taal) for Dutch.
• Goethe-Zertifikat for German.

What you need to gather from your home country — collection often takes several weeks:

• Passport valid for at least 12 months after the planned departure date.
• Birth certificate in international format (legalized for non-Apostille countries).
• Marriage certificate if applicable.
• Diplomas and transcripts in originals and certified copies.
• Work certificates from the last few years — key for professional recognition.
• Criminal record dated less than 6 months, from every country where you have resided for more than 6 months in the last 5 years.
• Medical certificate in some cases (check with the embassy).

Translation: sworn translation into French, Dutch, or German by a sworn translator registered with the Belgian courts and tribunals or by an authority recognized in the country of origin. Hague Apostille (signatory countries) or diplomatic legalization (other countries).

The Belgian market is less tense than that of the Netherlands or Luxembourg, but Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, and Leuven remain competitive markets. Renting from a distance is possible but unusual; landlords prefer in-person visits.

Pragmatic strategy: temporary accommodation for 1 to 3 months, then search for a permanent place from Belgium.

Furnished accommodations and co-living, bookable from abroad:

• Immoweb (immoweb.be) — the dominant platform, Francophone, Dutch, and English.
• Logic-Immo Belgium, Immovlan, ImmoScoop.
• Studapart, HousingAnywhere, Spotahome — international, present in BE.
• Co-living Brussels: Cohabs, Ikoab, Smartflats.

Student accommodations: kots managed by each institution. Rents range between €350 and €700/month in Brussels or Wallonia; Flanders is slightly more expensive for the equivalent.

Social housing: managed by linguistic community — SLSP (Public Service Housing Societies) in Wallonia, VMSW in Flanders, SLRB in Brussels. Conditions: limited income, long waiting lists (5–10 years), priority to stable residents. To be considered as a long-term option, not for phase 1.

Bank account before arrival:

• Wise — multi-currency, Belgian IBAN not available directly, but the European IBAN works for most situations.
• Revolut — Lithuanian or Belgian IBAN depending on the time of registration.
• N26 — German bank approved, accepts Belgian residents, German IBAN.
• Bunq — Dutch bank, Dutch IBAN.

A Belgian IBAN (BE…) is very useful as some landlords and tax authorities prefer Belgian bank transfers. Traditional Belgian banks (KBC, BNP Paribas Fortis, Belfius, ING Belgium, Argenta) generally require registration with the municipality to open an account — phase 2.

Basic banking service (basic account) is guaranteed by Belgian law transposing the European directive 2014/92.

SIM / eSIM:

• Belgian eSIM from abroad: Orange Belgium, Proximus, Base — activation via app, Belgian number assigned immediately, prepaid from approximately €10/month.
• International eSIM for travel: Holafly, Airalo, Saily for the first few days.
• Change after arrival: contracts with commitment (mobile + internet box) often cheaper in the long term via Orange, Proximus, or VOO (Wallonia).

Digital identity and applications:

• itsme — Belgian digital identity used for public services, electronic signatures, access to the Social Security Crossroads Bank. Activation after arrival with eID and national register number.
• MyBelgium / MyMinFin — access to taxes (SPF Finances), managed by itsme.

Applications to install in advance:

• SNCB (Belgian railways) — essential for interregional mobility.
• STIB-MIVB (Brussels), De Lijn (Flanders), TEC (Wallonia) — regional public transport apps.
• Citizen Information Brussels or equivalent regional portals.
• DeepL or Google Translate with offline mode.

Most non-EU nationals apply for a long-stay visa (Type D) at the Belgian embassy or consulate in their country. Many operations have been outsourced to VFS Global or TLScontact depending on the jurisdiction.

For single permits, it is often the competent Belgian region that makes the main decision (3–5 months); the consulate then affixes the D visa. For student visas, the procedure is more direct via the consulate with an admission certificate.

Standard documents: application form, passport, ID photos, travel health insurance certificate, proof of financial means, work contract or enrollment certificate, proof of accommodation, criminal record, birth certificate, if applicable, marriage certificate. Long-stay visa fees approximately €180 (2026, annually indexed).

Belgian mandatory health insurance (mutuality) is activated after registration with the municipality and obtaining the National Register Number — phase 2. For travel and before registration, take out travel insurance (Allianz Travel, Europ Assistance, AXA Schengen, April International) for 30–80 €/month.

Proof of financial means: students must demonstrate approximately €800/month (2026) via bank statement, proof of family support, or scholarship. For single permits, the work contract serves as proof. There is no standardized blocked account like in Germany.

Within 8 working days of arrival, you must go to the Population Service / Bevolking / Bevölkerungsdienst of your municipality of residence. Documents required:

• Passport with D visa
• Proof of accommodation or rental contract
• Birth certificate with apostille/translation if non-European
• In case of family reunification: marriage certificate / partnership agreement

The municipal officer issues an annexe 19 or 19ter (receipt) and initiates a residence check: a neighborhood officer will visit your home within the next 2–4 weeks to verify that you actually live there. Physical presence during the visit is usually required.

Once the check is validated:

• National Register Number (NRN) — 11 digits, central identifier for taxation, social security, and healthcare. Linked to the person for life
• Registration in the foreign nationals register or long-term foreign nationals register depending on the title
• Electronic ID card (eID, plastic card with chip) or card A for non-EU nationals in temporary stay — issued 2–4 weeks after the residence check

In Brussels, appointments can take 3–6 weeks depending on the municipality; in the provinces, often within the week.

Registration with the Belgian social security system is done through a mutualité (Christian mutualité, Socialist mutualité/Solidaris, neutralia, free mutualité, liberal mutualité). Once chosen, the mutualité handles reimbursements for medical care and procedures with INAMI / RIZIV (National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance).

Contributions: for employees, automatically deducted from salary (~13% employee share + 25% employer share). For self-employed, quarterly contributions to INASTI / RSVZ. For students, possibility of affiliation as a dependent or through a student health insurance system.

Health card: the mutualité provides an ISIE card (health card) used for identification with doctors and pharmacies. The vaccination record is kept by the family doctor.

With NRN and fixed address, you can open an account with KBC, BNP Paribas Fortis, Belfius, ING Belgium, Argenta, or neobanks (Hello bank!, Keytrade, bunq, Revolut Belgium).

Documents: passport, eID, or card A, NRN, rental contract, employment contract. The basic account is a legal right — refusals can be contested with the Financial Sector Mediation Service (Ombudsfin).

A Belgian IBAN (BE…) is useful as some authorities only accept Belgian direct debits. Neobanks with EU IBAN generally work, but with occasional limitations.

If you entered with a Type D visa for a single permit, the latter automatically becomes valid upon municipal registration. The card A (temporary stay), card B (extended temporary stay), or card K (long-term resident) is issued according to status. Initial validity typically 1–3 years, renewable.

For student visas, the student card A is issued for the duration of the program, renewable annually after progress verification.

Once you have your NRN and bank account in place, the rental market becomes accessible. A typical rental application includes:

• 3 most recent pay slips or employment contract
• Passport + card A/B
• NRN certificate
• Rental deposit: 1–3 months blocked in a dedicated bank account (or via a bank guarantee)
• Sometimes: Belgian guarantor or stable resident

Housing allowance: the housing premium in Wallonia or rent subsidies in Flanders/Brussels exist for low incomes, but are in practice difficult to access for non-EU newcomers in the first few years.

If the academic equivalence procedure was initiated in phase 1, this is now the operational step for regulated professions — often only possible once in Belgium.

Medicine:

• Registration with the provincial medical commission of the province where you practice
• Proficiency exam (KCE) for non-EU graduates, organized by the linguistic communities
• Observation internship or clinical internship in a Belgian hospital (often 6–24 months)
• Final registration with the Ordre des Médecins or Orde der Artsen

Nursing care: equivalence granted by the French-speaking or Flemish community, followed by registration with the Federal Council of Nursing. Possibility of adaptation internship parallel to employment.

Lawyers: aptitude exam for non-EU lawyers before the Ordre des Barreaux. For EU lawyers, facilitated transfer via Directive 2005/36.

Architects: the Ordre des Architectes nationally recognizes EU degrees automatically; for non-EU, equivalence + 2-year internship.

Teaching: recognition by the equivalence service of the linguistic community, followed by a proficiency exam or appointment via the organizing authorities (school networks).

Technical and craft trades: recognition via CPME / CPMS or regional training centers (IFAPME, Syntra).

Integration obligations vary by region:

• Flanders: Inburgeringscursus mandatory for most non-EU newcomers, 240–520 hours over 12–18 months. Includes NL courses level A2/B1, civic orientation (KOM), job assistance. Managed by integration agencies (e.g., Atlas in Antwerp, In-Gent in Ghent)
• Wallonia: integration pathway with civic value, managed by CRI — Regional Integration Centers. 60 hours of civic training plus French as a foreign language according to level. Mandatory for non-EU residence permits since 2016
• Brussels: dual Flemish or French-speaking pathway depending on the person’s choice (Bapa on the FR side, In-Brussel on the NL side)
• German-speaking community: similar program, in German

Cost: generally free for the mandatory pathway; some components may be paid depending on the region.

To reach higher levels (B1/B2, useful for naturalization and many professions):

• Promotion sociale in the French-speaking community — adult education network, evening classes, minimal fees
• CLL / Maison du Néerlandais / Huis van het Nederlands — orientation points for NL courses
• Goethe-Institut Brussels, Alliance française, Université Saint-Louis Centre des Langues
• In-Brussel, Atlas Antwerpen, CIRÉ — integrated migration + language services

The Belgian tax year corresponds to the calendar year. The tax return (personal income tax) must be filed:

• On paper: end of June of the following year
• Via MyMinFin / Tax-on-Web: mid-July
• For expatriates: end of October often

Connection via itsme or eID + card reader. The Belgian system pre-fills much of the declaration. Common deductions: professional expenses (flat rate or actual), service vouchers, donations, pension savings, mortgage interest.

Belgian specificity: the mobilier précompte (on capital income) and the professional précompte (on salaries) are withheld at source; the declaration mainly serves to regularize and apply deductions.

The bilateral tax treaties between Belgium and most countries prevent double taxation. The special regime for foreign executives (until 2022 the “expatriate regime”, since 2022 the RNRC regime for new residents and researchers) offers significant deductions for certain technical and research profiles.

If the transitional solution is coming to an end, the search for standard housing via Immoweb, Immovlan, Logic-Immo begins. With NRN, work contract, and Belgian account, your chances are significantly better.

Housing aid: rent allowance in Wallonia and Brussels for low incomes. Social housing via SLSP (W) / VMSW (Flanders) / SLRB (Brussels) remains competitive with long waiting lists; in practice reserved for long-term residents and low-income households.

Main support actors:

• CIRÉ — Coordination and Initiatives for Refugees and Foreigners (Wallonia + Brussels)
• Vluchtelingenwerk Vlaanderen (Flanders)
• Caritas International — general support
• Le Forum bruxellois pour la lutte contre les violences — for situations of domestic violence
• CGEA (formerly CGE) — for equal opportunities
• Unia — federal institute for equality, handles discrimination complaints

After the first few months, the perspective changes. Emergency procedures recede, and topics you may have left pending in phase 1–3 come to the fore: preparing a stable long-term residence permit, bringing your family, changing employers or becoming independent, finalizing professional equivalences. For a third-country national who arrived between the ages of 16 and 30, this phase is generally more comfortable than the entry phase — you have a National Register Number, an active health insurance, a Belgian bank account, and likely functional FR or NL depending on your region. However, the options depend on the permit with which you entered and, more than anywhere else, on the municipality and region where you live.

The B card (limited stay) is usually renewed every one to three years depending on the permit. The central transition of this phase is moving to the D card — unlimited stay, granted after five years of legal and continuous residence under the law of 15 December 1980 on access to the territory. Conditions include stable resources, completed integration pathway, and no prolonged stays outside the EU (beyond 6 consecutive months or 10 cumulative months over the 5 years, the counter may be reset). For third-country nationals aiming for European mobility, the L card (long-term resident — EU) allows applying for a permit in another member state through a simplified procedure. All these procedures go through your municipality's Population service, which forwards them to the Office des Étrangers.

Family reunification is possible after 12 months of stable residence for the sponsor: spouse, registered partner, minor children. Conditions include resources equal to or greater than 120% of the social integration income, adequate housing, and sometimes an A1 language test (FR, NL, or DE) before entry for the spouse. Changing employers under the single permit is possible with a new application submitted by the new employer to the competent region; after four years of residence, access to the labor market becomes free, significantly simplifying future transitions. Becoming independent requires a professional card issued by the region — Wallonia, Flanders, Brussels, each with its own criteria: economically viable project, added value for the region, sometimes a diploma or management skills requirement.

Regional differences weigh heavily in Belgium. In Flanders, the inburgering pathway is mandatory and much more structured: without functional NL in the medium term, social and professional integration remains limited. In Wallonia, the integration pathway via the CRI is lighter, but the job market is tighter outside a few hubs (Liège, Namur, Charleroi, Mons). In Brussels, the legal bilingualism FR/NL coexists with a predominantly French-speaking practice, and English is ubiquitous in European and international circles — it's also the region with the most strained rental market and longest municipal delays. The German-speaking Community in the east offers a calmer setting but with fewer international employers. These regional choices have concrete consequences for phase 5: naturalization requires knowledge of only one of the three national languages at A2 level, but it's the region where you live that determines the language to aim for in practice.

This phase is also the right time to finalize qualification recognition, if not done in phase 1 or 3: CFWB equivalence service for Wallonia and French-speaking Brussels, NARIC-Vlaanderen for Flanders, not forgetting the professional route via IFAPME, Syntra, or the Forem, VDAB, Actiris. Essential support actors — CIRÉ, Vluchtelingenwerk Vlaanderen, Caritas International, Unia for discrimination, and unions (CSC, FGTB, CGSLB) for labor conflicts — know the appeals and regularization pathways. For a structural context, consult the in-depth article Integration courses and accompanying programs — what each EU state offers.

After five years or more, two paths are possible in Belgium: unlimited stay as a third-country national, or Belgian nationality by declaration. Both are accessible, both imply different statuses, and you are not obliged to choose immediately — many people live for decades with a D card, while others make the declaration as soon as they can. The choice depends on your projects, the rules of your country of origin, and the significance you attach to the Belgian passport. An important particularity: Belgium is one of the few EU countries to grant local voting rights to non-EU residents, which changes the balance compared to Germany, France, or Spain.

On the side of stable residence permits, the main cards are:

• D Card — Unlimited stay: the classic Belgian status, usually granted after five years of legal and continuous residence under the law of 15 December 1980. Indefinite validity in Belgium, free access to the labor market, administrative renewal every five to ten years depending on the version
• L Card — Long-term resident EU: the Belgian equivalent of the status provided by Directive 2003/109/CE, opens intra-EU mobility to other Member States under a simplified procedure
• F+ Card / K Card: permanent residence cards for family members of Belgians or EU citizens, or for beneficiaries of international protection, after five years

Common conditions: stable resources, no prolonged absences outside the EU (generally no more than 6 consecutive months or 10 cumulative months over five years), completed integration pathway, no threat to public order.

Belgian nationality is usually acquired by declaration of nationality to the Population service of your municipality, under the Belgian Nationality Code reformed in 2013. The most common path requires five years of legal and continuous residence in Belgium, plus three cumulative proofs: knowledge of one of the three national languages (FR, NL, or DE) at A2 level — demonstrated by diploma, language course certificate, or completion of the integration pathway; social integration proven by completion of the integration pathway, a Belgian higher secondary diploma, or 468 days of work in the last five years; economic participation through 468 days of salaried work or equivalent contributions as a self-employed person. An alternative path allows declaration after ten years for those who do not meet the five-year condition, with identical language requirements but more extensive proof of ties to Belgium. Naturalization in the strict sense, decided by the Chamber of Representatives, has become a residual path reserved for exceptional services (research, high-level sports, cultural contributions); in practice, almost all cases go through declaration. The procedure: submission to the municipality, review by the Public Prosecutor within four months (silence means acceptance), oath-taking, court fees of around 150 euros, plus translation and legalization of documents.

Dual nationality has been allowed since the 2008 reform: Belgium no longer requires renunciation of your original nationality. You still need to check what your country of origin says — for many Latin American, African, or European countries, dual nationality is also accepted, but other countries still require effective renunciation. This verification, to be done before the declaration, avoids surprises regarding passports and inheritances.

The right to vote is one of the most distinctive points in Belgium for third-country nationals. After five years of legal and continuous residence, you can register to vote in local elections by explicit request to your municipality. This is a European exception — most Member States reserve even local elections for EU citizens. In concrete terms: without being Belgian, you can influence municipal policies (housing, mobility, schools, public spaces) where you live. However, regional, federal, and European elections remain reserved for Belgians and, for Europeans, for nationals of another Member State. To have full voting rights, you must acquire nationality. Moreover, voting is mandatory for Belgians but optional for non-Belgians who register — choosing to register is therefore a voluntary act in both directions.

The choice between the three national languages is as liberating as it is binding. The Nationality Code requires only one language at A2 level, but in practice, it is the language of the region where you live that structures daily life: FR in Wallonia and French-speaking Brussels, NL in Flanders and Dutch-speaking Brussels, DE in the German-speaking Community in the east. If you move from one region to another — from Liège to Antwerp, from Brussels to Eupen — the administrative, educational, and professional ecosystem changes with the language border, even if your status remains valid throughout Belgium. For many people, the fifth year is also when they decide between a single-language strategy (staying monolingual in their region) or a bilingual one (useful in Brussels, in a European environment, and for moving between regions).

This step raises questions that no form can answer. Becoming Belgian changes something about how you see yourself, even when both passports coexist. Some people see the declaration as confirmation of a home already established, others as a break, and still others as a pragmatic choice regarding mobility, full voting rights, or the legal security of a family member born in Belgium. There is no right answer. For a structural context, consult the in-depth article Identity after five years — who you are when you're no longer just arriving.