Lithuania

The permit category depends on the migration purpose. The main paths for non-EU nationals:

• Type D National Visa — the standard entry route for stays beyond 90 days, issued by a Lithuanian consulate before travel. The visa is the entry document; the residence permit is then applied for from inside Lithuania via MIGRIS
• Temporary residence permit (Leidimas laikinai gyventi, LLG) for employment — the standard work-based permit. The employer files via MIGRIS; the Užimtumo tarnyba (Employment Service) assesses labour-market need for non-shortage occupations. Salary minimum: typically the average gross monthly wage (~€2 000/month in 2026) for general categories
• EU Blue Card — for university-educated professionals with a salary at least 1.5× the average gross national wage (around €3 000/month in 2026, indexed annually). Cleaner long-term path with EU-wide mobility benefits after 18 months
• Highly Qualified Specialist (Aukšta profesinė kvalifikacija) — accelerated track for workers in shortage professions on the Lithuanian shortage occupations list; salary threshold lower than the EU Blue Card, processing prioritised, no labour-market test
• Temporary residence permit for studies — based on acceptance from a recognised Lithuanian higher-education institution, proof of financial means (around €450/month in 2026, indexed to the minimum monthly wage), insurance covering medical expenses
• Startup Visa Lithuania — for non-EU founders building an innovative business, with endorsement from Startup Lithuania (run by Innovation Agency Lithuania). 1-year permit initially, renewable, with conversion to entrepreneur permit afterwards
• Family reunification — for spouses, registered partners and dependent children of stable residents. Income requirements (around €450/month for the sponsor) and adequate housing
• Self-employment / business permit — for non-EU citizens running a Lithuanian business with capital and viability requirements

The official portal at migracija.lrv.lt centralises information; MIGRIS at migracija.lrv.lt/migris is the application interface.

Studies. Lithuania has roughly 40 higher-education institutions. Major institutions: Vilnius University (VU) — one of the oldest in Eastern Europe, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VILNIUS TECH), Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Vytautas Magnus University (VDU, Kaunas), Klaipėda University, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LSMU, Kaunas, strong in medicine), ISM University of Management and Economics.

Application for non-EU students through LAMA BPO (Lithuanian Higher Education Admission System) for state-funded places, or directly through institution portals for fee-paying places. Many programmes at master's level are taught in English, particularly in business, IT, engineering and medicine.

Tuition fees for non-EU students: typically €1 300–€7 500/year for bachelor's; up to €15 000/year for medicine and dentistry. Lithuanian-language programmes are free for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens at public universities but charge non-EU students standard fees.

Scholarships: Lithuanian state scholarships through the Education Exchanges Support Foundation (Švietimo mainų paramos fondas) under bilateral agreements with specific countries; Erasmus Mundus at EU level; institution-specific scholarships at VU, KTU, ISM and others.

Job search. Lithuania's strongest sectors include IT and software (Vilnius and Kaunas have growing tech clusters around fintech, gaming, SaaS), shared services and BPO (international companies operate Vilnius and Kaunas centres), life sciences and biotech (one of the EU's fastest-growing biotech industries by share of GDP), pharmaceuticals, transport and logistics (Klaipėda port, central-European logistics), and laser physics (a national specialisation). Healthcare faces severe labour shortages with active international recruitment.

Major sources:

• CV.lt — Lithuania's largest job board
• CVbankas.lt — broad classifieds with significant inventory
• Work in Lithuania (workinlithuania.lt) — government-supported portal aimed at attracting skilled foreign workers, English-language
• LinkedIn — extremely active in Vilnius and Kaunas tech and business segments
• EuraXess Lithuania — researcher and academic positions
• EURES for the EU-wide market
• Sodra Job Portal through Užimtumo tarnyba

Lithuanian CV expectations: two pages, no photo (increasingly the norm), comprehensive education list, language skills explicit (Lithuanian/Russian/English/Polish level matters depending on role). Cover letter standard but kept short.

The SKVC (Studijų kokybės vertinimo centras, Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education) is the Lithuanian ENIC/NARIC office handling academic recognition. Application via the SKVC portal skvc.lrv.lt; cost approximately €100; processing typically 6–8 weeks. Output is a recognition statement comparing your foreign degree to Lithuanian higher-education levels, broadly accepted by Lithuanian employers and admission offices.

For regulated professions:

• Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy: licensure through Valstybinė akreditavimo sveikatos priežiūros veiklai tarnyba (VASPVT) plus the relevant chamber. Non-EU graduates need a knowledge test, clinical assessment in a Lithuanian hospital, and Lithuanian-language proficiency at C1. Path is genuinely long — typically 1–3 years
• Nursing: registration through VASPVT with adaptation requirements
• Engineering: largely unregulated for general engineering; specific subfields (construction, surveying) require certification through the Lietuvos statybos inžinierių sąjunga
• Legal: separate path through the Lietuvos advokatūra with substantial requalification for non-EU lawyers
• Teaching: through the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport with required Lithuanian proficiency

Lithuanian is a Baltic language (Indo-European) and is among the most archaic living Indo-European languages, with seven cases and a complex declension system — generally considered demanding for non-Slavic, non-Baltic learners. Public language-learning infrastructure:

• University language schools at VU, KTU, VDU offering intensive Lithuanian courses for foreigners
• Lithuanian language summer schools — VU's Department of Lithuanian Studies has the strongest reputation
• Private schools: AMES (American English School, also runs Lithuanian for foreigners), Lingua Lituanica, Soros International House Vilnius
• Online: italki, Lithuanian.com (free e-learning by VU), the Mama Mokina podcast, Drops, Mango Languages

Realistic levels:

• EU Blue Card, highly qualified residence permit: no formal Lithuanian requirement, but conversational Lithuanian significantly helps daily life
• Studies in English: many master's programmes, no Lithuanian required for English-medium tracks
• Most work permits: A1–A2 Lithuanian helpful in practice. Since 1 January 2026, foreigners working with customers in Lithuania (retail, hospitality, care, frontline service) must pass a Lithuanian language exam at A1 level, raised to A2 after two years. Around 15 nationwide exam sessions per year, up to 800 candidates each — register early through the NŠA. Non-customer-facing roles, IT and English-medium workplaces are not covered by the requirement.
• Permanent residence: A2 Lithuanian — assessed via the official state language exam administered by the Nacionalinė švietimo agentūra (NŠA)
• Naturalisation: A2 Lithuanian plus a Constitution-knowledge test

Recognised exams: the state language proficiency exam at A1–C1, administered by NŠA; cost approximately €60–€90 depending on level.

Items to collect at home — sourcing takes weeks:

• Passport valid for at least 3 months past the planned permit end-date
• Birth certificate (legalised with Apostille for Hague countries; consular legalisation otherwise)
• Marriage certificate if relevant (same legalisation regime)
• Diplomas and transcripts in originals plus certified copies
• Employment certificates for relevant work history
• Police clearance certificate from your country of last residence — required by the Migracijos departamentas

Translation: Lithuania requires translation into Lithuanian for most documents. Sworn translations performed in Lithuania by a notary-certified translator are the safest option; translations done abroad with consular certification are usually accepted but specifications vary by procedure.

Lithuania operates a publicly-funded healthcare system financed through the PSD (privalomasis sveikatos draudimas, compulsory health insurance) administered by VLK. As a third-country national you generally enter the system once you have a residence permit, an employer paying PSD contributions through payroll, or are registered as self-employed and paying PSD directly to VLK.

For the entry trip and first weeks, take traveller's health insurance (Allianz Travel, AXA Schengen, ERV). The Migracijos departamentas requires proof of health insurance for the visa and residence-permit application — most international policies meet the threshold, but verify before purchase.

Most non-EU nationals need a Type D long-stay visa issued by a Lithuanian embassy or consulate before travel — application typically through the VFS Global outsourcing partner depending on the country. Visa fee: typically €120 for a Type D visa; the residence permit fee (around €120–€180 depending on category and processing speed) is paid separately at the Migracijos departamentas after arrival.

Cost of living in Vilnius sits around €1 200–€1 700/month for a single person in 2026 (rent of a one-bedroom €500–€900 plus utilities, food, transport). Outside Vilnius and Kaunas, budgets are 25–40 % lower. Students need to demonstrate financial means of around €450/month for the residence permit; for EU Blue Card and work-based permits, the salary itself is the proof.

Bank account before arrival:

• Wise — multi-currency, useful for first salary and rent transfers, opens without a Lithuanian address. Many Wise users actually receive a Lithuanian IBAN since Wise's EU entity is licensed in Lithuania
• Revolut — Revolut Bank itself is licensed in Lithuania, so Lithuanian residents typically receive a Lithuanian IBAN. Widely accepted locally
• N26 — accepts Lithuanian residents, German IBAN
• Paysera — Lithuanian-licensed e-money institution, popular with freelancers and small businesses

A Lithuanian IBAN (LT…) is increasingly required by Lithuanian landlords, employers and VMI for tax refunds. Traditional Lithuanian banks (Swedbank, SEB, Luminor, Šiaulių bankas) require asmens kodas and a Lithuanian address — phase 2.

Lithuanian SIM / eSIM:

• Lithuanian eSIM from abroad: Telia, Bitė, Tele2 — major operators with prepaid options. Plans typically from around €7–€15/month with EU roaming. Activation usually requires passport
• International eSIM for travel: Holafly, Airalo, Saily for the first days

Apps to install before arrival:

• MIGRIS — migration portal (most features after asmens kodas)
• Trafi or Stops.lt — Vilnius and Kaunas public transport
• DeepL with Lithuanian — high-quality translation for early correspondence
• Ignitis — main electricity provider, useful for first utility setup

Within one month of arriving as a permit holder you must declare your address (gyvenamosios vietos deklaravimas) at the local municipal civil-registry office, or online via the Elektroninių valdžios vartų portal epaslaugos.lt (after asmens kodas and electronic-signing tool). Documents:

• Passport and residence permit
• Tenancy contract or owner's declaration

Address declaration is legally required and is the basis for many subsequent procedures including child-school registration, healthcare GP-list registration, voter registration (where applicable for permanent residents) and several social services.

The asmens kodas is issued together with the residence permit by the Migracijos departamentas. It is an 11-digit number tied to your sex and date of birth, and is the universal identifier in Lithuanian administration. With asmens kodas you can:

• Open a Lithuanian bank account at most banks
• Register with VMI for taxation
• Register with Sodra for social insurance (handled automatically by employers for employees)
• Register with VLK for compulsory health insurance
• Register with Užimtumo tarnyba for employment services
• Activate Smart-ID and/or Mobile-ID
• Use epaslaugos.lt with full authentication

The physical residence-permit card (Leidimas laikinai gyventi) is collected at the relevant Migracijos departamentas regional office after biometric appointment. Until the card is in hand, the visa stamp plus the MIGRIS decision document serve as proof of legal stay — keep both with you.

With asmens kodas and proof of legal stay, you can open an account at Swedbank, SEB, Luminor, Šiaulių bankas, Citadele, Revolut Bank Lithuania, or Paysera. Documents typically required:

• Passport and residence permit
• Asmens kodas
• Lithuanian address proof (gyvenamosios vietos deklaravimas certificate)
• Employment contract or admission letter

Swedbank and SEB dominate the traditional retail banking landscape with English-language onboarding for skilled migrants; Revolut Bank Lithuania is fully digital. Lithuanian banks have tightened anti-money-laundering procedures since the post-2018 reforms; third-country residents may face enhanced due-diligence questions.

Lithuania uses two main digital-signing tools, both legally equivalent to handwritten signatures:

• Mobile-ID — SIM-based, requires a contract with a Lithuanian mobile operator (Telia, Bitė, Tele2). Cost typically €1–€2/month
• Smart-ID — app-based, free, dominant in banking and many private services. Once your Lithuanian bank account is open, you can activate Smart-ID through your bank's onboarding flow

The eID-card (Asmens tapatybės kortelė) is issued to Lithuanian citizens and certain permit holders; for most third-country residents, Smart-ID is the practical default for digital signing.

Sodra is automatically enrolled by your employer when employment begins under a regular contract. For self-employed (individuali veikla), registration is via VMI's iMAS system, with Sodra registration following. Sodra contributions cover:

• Pension (pensija)
• Sickness (ligos)
• Maternity/paternity (motinystės/tėvystės)
• Unemployment (nedarbo)

Self-employed pay flat-rate or income-based contributions depending on the activity classification.

PSD (Privalomasis sveikatos draudimas, compulsory health insurance) is administered by VLK. For employees, PSD is deducted automatically through payroll and registration is automatic. For students, certain permit holders, and the self-employed, PSD must be registered and paid actively — typically 6.98 % of the minimum monthly wage (around €60/month in 2026 for those without other income basis).

Once PSD is in place, choose a family doctor (šeimos gydytojas) by registering at a contracted clinic — the family doctor is the gateway to specialists and prescriptions in the public system. The patient portal esveikata.lt (using Smart-ID) gives access to medical records, prescriptions, vaccinations and referrals.

For categories not yet covered (non-employed before PSD activation), private health insurance through PZU Lietuva, ERGO, BTA, Compensa is required for the gap.

Switch from international to Lithuanian SIM after asmens kodas (or earlier with passport for prepaid). Major operators:

• Telia Lietuva — largest, broadest coverage, parent of Mobile-ID
• Bitė Lietuva — competitive plans, strong urban coverage
• Tele2 Lietuva — challenger pricing

Contract plans typically €10–€25/month for unlimited domestic data with EU roaming. Mobile-ID is bundled by all three for a small fee.

• MIGRIS — central migration portal (English available)
• Migracijos departamentas regional offices — Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, Panevėžys, Marijampolė
• VMI consultation phone (+370 1882) — available in Lithuanian, Russian and (limited) English
• Sodra information line (+370 1883)
• International House Vilnius — one-stop information centre for highly skilled migrants and their families, run by Vilnius municipality and Go Vilnius
• EUROGUIDANCE Lithuania — career guidance for foreigners

Lithuania does not run a single mandatory civic-integration programme of the German or Dutch type, but several adjacent components apply:

• Lithuanian-language requirement at A2 for permanent residence (after 5 years of legal residence) — assessed via the official state language exam administered by the Nacionalinė švietimo agentūra (NŠA)
• Lithuanian-language requirement at A2 for naturalisation, plus a Constitution-knowledge test
• Free or subsidised Lithuanian courses for permit holders through municipal integration programmes — most active in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda
• Caritas Lithuania and the Lithuanian Red Cross offer free Lithuanian courses for refugees and selected migrant categories

Major language-learning routes:

• Vilnius University Department of Lithuanian Studies — strongest academic programme, intensive courses for foreigners
• VDU Institute of Foreign Languages in Kaunas
• Lingua Lituanica, AMES, Soros International House Vilnius — established private schools
• Online: italki, Lithuanian.com (free, by VU), Mango Languages (often free via Lithuanian libraries), Drops

For non-EU residents, the International House Vilnius runs orientation seminars, networking events, and support for families with children integrating into Lithuanian schools.

For non-regulated professions, the SKVC recognition statement obtained in phase 1 is typically sufficient when combined with employer references. For regulated professions, the path that began in phase 1 reaches its operational stage:

• Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy: full registration with VASPVT plus the relevant chamber after the knowledge test, clinical assessment, and C1 Lithuanian-language proficiency. Path is typically 1–3 years for non-EU graduates from arrival to full licensure
• Nursing: registration with VASPVT, often through an adaptation programme in a Lithuanian hospital
• Engineering: largely unregulated for most subfields; specific subfields (construction, surveying) require Lietuvos statybos inžinierių sąjunga registration
• Legal: substantial requalification typically required for non-EU lawyers through the Lietuvos advokatūra
• Teaching: through the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport with strong Lithuanian-language requirements

For non-regulated technical fields (IT, business, much of engineering), the SKVC recognition statement plus solid English- or Lithuanian-language skills typically suffices. Lithuania's IT sector in particular is largely English-language at senior levels.

For permit holders not arriving with a job offer, the standard search channels are CV.lt, CVbankas.lt, Work in Lithuania, LinkedIn and direct employer pages. Sectors with strong demand for international workers in 2026 include:

• IT and software — Vilnius and Kaunas tech clusters (fintech, gaming, SaaS, cyber) actively hire non-EU developers; many companies use English as the working language
• Shared services and BPO — multinationals operate Vilnius and Kaunas centres in finance, accounting, IT support, often with multiple-language requirements
• Life sciences and biotech — strong sector with international recruitment, particularly around Vilnius
• Healthcare — severe labour shortages, but third-country recognition takes 1–3 years; few short-term openings
• Engineering and construction — labour shortages, particularly outside the largest cities
• Logistics — Klaipėda port and trans-Baltic transport corridors

Realistic salary anchors in 2026 (gross monthly): general skilled worker around €1 600–€2 400, mid-level IT developer €3 500–€5 500, senior IT specialist €6 000–€9 000+, junior shared-services agent €1 400–€2 000.

Lithuania's tax year aligns with the calendar year. The annual tax return Metinės pajamų deklaracijos is filed via VMI's e-VMI portal (vmi.lt) between 1 January and 1 May of the year following the tax year, using Smart-ID, Mobile-ID or e-banking authentication. For employees, e-VMI provides a pre-populated declaration which most users review and confirm; the system pulls salary, Sodra and withholding data directly from employer reports.

Common deductions and reliefs:

• Education expenses (own and dependants', up to specific annual caps)
• Life insurance and 3rd-pillar pension contributions (combined cap)
• Mortgage interest for first-residence loans (limited)
• Charity donations to recognised organisations

Tax treaties between Lithuania and most countries prevent double taxation; check the relevant treaty on vmi.lt.

With asmens kodas, employment contract and Lithuanian bank account, the standard rental market becomes accessible. Vilnius is structurally tight in central districts; outside Vilnius, vacancies are abundant. Sources:

• Aruodas.lt — Lithuania's dominant property platform, with extensive rental and sale inventory
• Domoplius.lt — established property portal
• Skelbiu.lt — broader classifieds with rental sections
• Facebook groups for migrant communities — particularly active for foreigners in Vilnius and Kaunas
• HousingAnywhere, Spotahome — international platforms for furnished short-to-medium-term rentals

Standard rental documentation: passport, residence permit, asmens kodas, employment contract or income proof, deposit (typically 1–2 months). Rental contracts in Lithuania are governed by the Civil Code (Civilinis kodeksas); tenant protection is moderate, with notarised registration of long-term contracts giving stronger protection.

Property purchase by non-EU citizens is broadly allowed but agricultural and forest land are restricted. Vilnius apartment prices range €2 200–€4 500/m² in 2026 depending on district and condition.

Vilnius has a comprehensive public-transport network of buses and trolleybuses operated by Vilniaus viešasis transportas (JUDU); monthly passes cost around €29 in 2026. Kaunas runs a similar network. Long-distance travel runs through LTG Link (state railway) and intercity buses (Ecolines, Lux Express, Kautra).

For driving, third-country licences are typically valid for 185 days (about 6 months) after gaining residence; conversion to a Lithuanian licence requires a theory and practical test for most non-EU licences (with bilateral exceptions for specific countries). The Regitra state enterprise handles vehicle registration and licensing.

Once the first months are behind you — asmens kodas issued, address registered through the Migration Department's online portal, leidimas laikinai gyventi (time-limited residence permit) in hand, an apartment, Sodra contributions running, VLK sickness insurance active, an employer or a university place — the questions shift. Phase 4 in Lithuania is mostly about consolidation: turning a series of one-year or two-year permits into something durable, deciding whether to bring family, deepening Lithuanian beyond the survival level, and adjusting how you work as your situation changes. The Lithuanian system rewards careful evidence-keeping; most of what you will be asked to prove later (continuity of residence, income history, language progression, sickness insurance) accrues over time and cannot be reconstructed retroactively.

The medium-term goal for most third-country migrants is the leidimas nuolat gyventi — Lithuania's permanent residence permit, also recognised as EU long-term resident status under Directive 2003/109/EC. The standard path requires 5 years of continuous legal residence in Lithuania on time-limited permits, an A2 Lithuanian certificate, stable and sufficient means of support, sickness insurance and a clean criminal record. Continuity is interpreted strictly — extended absences over 6 consecutive months, or 10 months in total across the 5 years, can break the count. Keep your VMI tax records, lease contracts, employer letters and language certificates together; the Migracijos departamentas considers this evidence cumulatively.

Family reunification typically becomes a topic in this phase, when income and housing have stabilised. Spouses, registered partners and dependent children apply through the Migracijos departamentas (via MIGRIS) for a permit to settle with the sponsor, conditional on sufficient income (the threshold is reviewed periodically, in the order of around €450 per month for the sponsor in 2026) and adequate accommodation. Switching the purpose of your permit — from student to work-based, from employee to self-employed — is a fresh application rather than an automatic carry-over, and it is worth timing the change so you are not without legal coverage in the gap.

Lithuanian language strategy is where this phase decides how integrated you actually feel. A2 unlocks permanent residence; B1 (with a written component) is required for naturalisation, alongside a Constitution-knowledge test. State-funded courses run through municipal integration programmes and adult-education centres; private schools in Vilnius (Lingua Lituanica, university language centres) offer intensive options, and Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas has a strong tradition of Lithuanian-as-foreign-language teaching. Have foreign qualifications evaluated via SKVC (Studijų kokybės vertinimo centras) when changing roles or applying for regulated work. The cultural emphasis on Lithuanian as a marker of full belonging is strong — more strongly felt in everyday life than in Estonia or Latvia in some respects — and progress beyond A2 is the single most useful investment you can make. Regional differences shape the picture: Vilnius is internationally functional and multilingual (Lithuanian, Russian, Polish, English); Kaunas is more Lithuanian-immersive; Klaipėda has a port-city mix; the Polish-speaking Vilnius region offers a recognised regional minority language layer. For structural background, see the topic article Integration courses and accompanying programs — what each EU state offers.

After about ten years of legal residence in Lithuania, two structurally different paths come into view: keep the leidimas nuolat gyventi indefinitely as a third-country national with most practical rights, or apply for Lithuanian citizenship by naturalisation under the Pilietybės įstatymas. Neither is automatic, both have material consequences, and the choice deserves careful consideration rather than a default decision. Many long-settled migrants live for years on the leidimas nuolat gyventi without naturalising; others pursue citizenship deliberately for political participation, an EU passport that does not depend on a renewed permit, or a settled sense of belonging.

The leidimas nuolat gyventi itself is open-ended and carries the EU long-term resident status under Directive 2003/109/EC, which means that with this title you can apply for residence in another EU member state under the directive's simplified rules. The card is renewed periodically (typically every 5 years), but the underlying status does not lapse as long as you keep your residence in Lithuania and avoid extended absences. Practically, this title gives you everything except political rights at the parliamentary level and an unconditional Lithuanian passport.

Naturalisation under the Pilietybės įstatymas sets a substantially higher bar than in Estonia or Latvia on the time axis: the standard route requires 10 years of continuous legal residence in Lithuania (reduced to 7 years when married to a Lithuanian citizen for at least 7 years), a lietuvių kalbos egzaminas at B1 level — written and oral — administered through the state system, a Constitution-knowledge exam covering the basic principles of the Lithuanian Constitution, stable legal means of support, no significant criminal convictions, and a loyalty oath to the Republic of Lithuania. Application is filed through the Migracijos departamentas via MIGRIS; the basic naturalisation fee is around €212 plus exam fees, processing typically takes 6–12 months at the department level, and the final granting of citizenship is by Presidential decree, which can extend the timeline.

Dual citizenship is the constraint that decides the question for many third-country migrants. Lithuania is restrictive on this point: acquiring Lithuanian citizenship by naturalisation generally requires renunciation of the original nationality, and Lithuanian citizens by naturalisation can lose Lithuanian citizenship if they acquire another. Narrow exceptions apply for Lithuanian citizens by birth (jus sanguinis), for persons exiled during the Soviet period and their descendants, for spouses of Lithuanian citizens in specific circumstances and for recognised refugees — but these categories do not generally extend to ordinary third-country migrants. A 2024 referendum to broaden dual citizenship for the diaspora did not pass the constitutional turnout threshold, so the existing restrictions remain. For migrants from countries where giving up citizenship has real downstream costs, this is the single biggest factor pushing people to stop at the leidimas nuolat gyventi rather than naturalise.

One Drittstaatler-relevant gap is worth flagging clearly: in Lithuania, non-EU residents do not have local voting rights, even after years of residence. Local-election voting is extended to Lithuanian citizens and to EU citizens resident in Lithuania, but not to third-country nationals — a contrast with Estonia, where municipal voting is open to long-term non-EU residents. Parliamentary (Seimas) voting and Presidential elections are reserved for citizens. The Russian-speaking layer of Lithuanian society is smaller than in Estonia or Latvia and does not produce the same "non-citizen passport" historical category — at independence, Lithuania extended citizenship more broadly to existing residents — so this is mostly a Latvian and Estonian topic, not a Lithuanian one. This phase also surfaces questions that no procedure resolves cleanly: what an oath of loyalty means to you, whether a renounced citizenship is a closure or a loss, how a Lithuanian self-understanding sits next to the language and place you grew up in. There is no right answer. For structural background, see the topic article Identity after five years — who you are when you're no longer just arriving.